Introduction

An ovarian cyst means a sac filled with fluid develops either on or inside an ovary. The ovaries are two small, oval-shaped organs located in the lower belly area. Each month, one of the ovaries releases an egg. These organs also produce hormones like oestrogen and progesterone. These hormones help with pregnancy, periods and breast development. Different types of ovarian cysts exist. They can form due to various reasons and may require unique treatments. Their size can range from about half an inch to four inches, though they can sometimes become much bigger. Ovarian cysts appear in individuals of childbearing age but develop after menopause. While children can also experience them, this happens less often.

What are the Causes of Ovarian Cysts?

Ovarian cysts form for various reasons depending on the type. Functional cyst: Functional ovarian cysts occur in those who have begun their periods but have not yet reached menopause. The two main types of functional cysts are: Follicular cyst: This type forms when an egg doesn't get released and stays inside the ovary continuing to grow. Corpus luteum cyst: This cyst appears if the sac holding the egg fails to break down after releasing the egg. There are also other types of cysts: Endometrioma: This type of cyst contains old blood and tissue similar to the uterus lining. People often call them chocolate cysts because the fluid inside appears dark. They form in those with endometriosis. Dermoid: This cyst grows from ovarian cells and eggs. It can include things like hair, skin, teeth, bone, or fat. These are most often found in people who are of childbearing age. Cysts may also happen because of: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) develops when the ovaries form many cysts. Being pregnant Serious pelvic infections like chlamydia can lead to a type of cyst known as an abscess. Benign growths Cancer can cause cysts

Who might develop an Ovarian Cyst?

Certain factors can raise the chances of getting an ovarian cyst: Endometriosis Having polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) Being pregnant Taking fertility drugs like clomiphene

What are the Symptoms of an Ovarian Cyst?

Most people do not notice symptoms from cysts. When symptoms do happen, pain or pressure in the lower belly near the cyst is the most typical sign. This pain might feel dull or sharp. It might also not stay constant and could come and go. If a cyst breaks and starts bleeding, it can cause sudden and intense pain. Doctors call this kind of cyst a hemorrhagic cyst. Other signs of an ovarian cyst might include: Aching in the lower back or upper legs Difficulty emptying the bladder Discomfort during sex Gaining weight Pain with periods Sore breasts Unusual vaginal bleeding

Diagnosis

Your OB/GYN doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical examination will follow including a pelvic exam. During the pelvic exam, they might notice swelling on your ovary. Many times, this is the first clue of a cyst in people who show no symptoms. If they suspect you have an ovarian cyst, testing might be required. These tests help figure out the type of cyst and can rule out other conditions like an ectopic pregnancy. Some of the tests you might need include the following. Ultrasound MRI Pregnancy test Blood tests Biopsy

How do Doctors Treat an Ovarian Cyst?

Doctors treat ovarian cysts based on their type, your age and your overall health. In many situations, no treatment is required. They may ask you to monitor your symptoms over time. Most ovarian cysts disappear on their own within a few weeks or months without any medical intervention. If an ultrasound or blood test suggests cancer, a doctor may recommend surgery. Surgery involves removing either part of the ovary or the entire ovary. Surgery might also be suggested under other circumstances: The cyst makes you feel constant pressure or discomfort. The cyst appears to be getting bigger. The cyst is large. You have endometriosis and need the cysts taken out to improve fertility.