Introduction

Pelvic inflammatory disease, or PID, happens when a woman’s reproductive system gets infected. It can involve the uterus, ovaries or fallopian tubes. Scar tissue may form between the internal organs, which often results in long-term pelvic pain. This condition can also cause an ectopic pregnancy where a fertilised egg grows outside the uterus. If not treated, PID may cause a continuing infection or even make it hard to have children.

What Causes PID?

Different kinds of bacteria can lead to PID, but the most common causes are gonorrhea and chlamydia. These bacteria are often transmitted through sex without protection. Bacteria can sometimes reach your reproductive system when the cervix’s natural protective barrier is broken. This may occur during your period or after giving birth, a miscarriage or an abortion. In rare cases, bacteria might enter during procedures like inserting an intrauterine device (IUD), a type of long-term birth control, or through medical instruments placed into the uterus. Women of all ages can develop PID. However, the risk is higher for those exposed to transmitted bacteria. • Women under 25 who are sexually active • Women who have many sexual partners • Women using IUDs, with a risk in the first 3 weeks of use • Women who douche

What are the Symptoms of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?

Here are the typical symptoms of PID: • Pain that spreads across the lower abdomen • Pain in the pelvic area • Greater amounts of bad-smelling vaginal discharge • Fever with chills • Throwing up or feeling sick • Pain while peeing • Pain in the upper right side of the stomach • Pain during sexual activity The signs of PID can resemble those of other medical conditions. Make sure to consult your doctor to get a proper diagnosis.

How do Doctors Diagnose Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?

Doctors will review your medical history and perform both a physical exam and a pelvic exam. They might also order additional tests such as these: • Lab tests: Doctors might suggest blood tests, urine analysis or swab tests. • Pap test: This test detects cancer, infections or swelling. • Ultrasound: Doctors use high-frequency sound waves to create images of reproductive organs. • Laparoscopy: This small procedure uses a thin tool called a laparoscope with a lens and light. Doctors place it through a small cut in the abdomen to view the reproductive system. • Culdocentesis: The doctor inserts a needle through the vaginal wall into the pelvic cavity to collect a sample of pus. • Endometrial biopsy: Doctors study samples from the vagina and cervix under a microscope.

How do Doctors Treat PID?

Your treatment will depend on: • Your symptoms • Your age • Your overall health • The severity of your condition Doctors often use antibiotics to manage PID when it comes from an STI. If your infection is serious, you might have to stay in a hospital and get antibiotics through an IV. In some cases, surgery might be necessary.

How can I prevent PID?

Taking steps to avoid pelvic inflammatory disease: • Always practice safe sex: Wear condoms whenever you have sex, stick to fewer partners, and talk with your partner about their sexual history beforehand. • Get regular STI testing: If you might be at risk, schedule a test with your doctor. Plan for ongoing screenings if needed. Treating an STI gives you the best shot at avoiding PID. • Ask your partner to get tested: If you have an STI or pelvic inflammatory disease, tell your partner to get checked and treated. This helps stop STIs from spreading and lowers the chance of PID coming back. • Avoid douching: Douching messes with the natural bacteria balance in your vagina. Untreated PID may lead to long-term infections or even prevent a woman from being able to have children. Therefore, if you are experiencing any unusual symptoms, contact your doctor.